Gender
Women are the most important risk factors for breast cancer, and men can also have male breast cancer, but the incidence is 1/100 in women. The reason may be that there is only very little estrogen and progesterone in the male body, while estrogen and progesterone are the main cause of breast cancer.
Age
As the age is increased, the risk of cancer has increased the risk of breast cancer, and most invasive breast cancer occurred in women over 55 years.
Gene
About 5% -10% of breast cancer is genetically caused, which means that these patients have generated defective genes from their parents (gene mutation):
1. BRCA1 and BRCA2, the most common cause of hereditary breast cancer is BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations. These two genes participate in repairing damaged DNAs, resulting in abnormal cancer after mutation. The mutation of BRCA1 has led to a risk of 55% -65% in a lifetime, and for some people's risk as high as 80%. The mutation of BRCA2 results in a risk of breasts of 45%. These two gene mutations are also related to ovarian cancer.
2. ATM, ATM participates in damaged DNA, human chromosome DNA is 2-fold, that is, 2 copies, when the 2 copies have an ATM mutation, it will cause the discharging capillary dilatation, when 1 copy ATM mutations occurred, the risk of breast cancer was increased.
3. TP53, TP53 is the most important tumor suppressor gene, and P53 mutations can cause Li Fraumeni syndrome. This syndrome is a breast cancer and other cancers such as leukemia, brain tumors, and sarcoma.
4. CHEK2, CHEK2 gene mutations can also lead to Li Fraumeni syndrome, even if non-Fraumeni syndrome, the risk of breast cancer will increase by 2 times.
5. PTEN, PTEN gene mutation causes Cowden syndrome, and the risk of breast cancer or benign breast disease is increased by human benger, and there is also a risk of tumors in the body, thyroid, uterus and ovary. high.
6. CDH1, CDH1 gene mutation results in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, women with this genetic mutation, increasing risk of invasive breast cancer.
7. STK11, STK11 gene can result in PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME, and the symptoms are manifested in lips and long pigments in the mouth, the germacters and urinary organs, this gene mutation with various cancers. Includes breast cancer closely related.
8. Palb2, PALB2 gene encoding protein combined with BRCA2, the mutation of the gene will increase the risk of breast cancer, whether or not to increase ovarian cancer and male breast cancer is still unclear.
Family history
In fact, 4/5 of female breast cancer patients have no family history, but the risk of breast cancer will increase by family history. If there is a family of relatives (mother, sister, or daughter) suffering from breast cancer, the risk of breast cancer is doubled, and if there are two level relatives, the risk can reach 3 times. Such as a relative relative (father, brother) breast cancer, the risk of breast cancer is also increased.
Breast cancer personal history
Patients who have suffered from breast cancer are more likely to cancer (non-recurrence) in other parts of the same breast or the same breast, especially patients with age.
High density breast tissue
Compared with women with ordinary breast tissue density, high-density breast-tissue has a risk of 1.2 to 2 times higher than that of the breast cancer, and the Breast X-ray examination results will be inaccurate. Many factors will affect breast tissue density, such as age, meniscus, certain drugs (including menopause hormone therapy), pregnancy and genetic factors.
Some benign breast diseases
Certain benign (non-cancerous) breast diseases are more dangerous. Can be divided into three classes according to risk:
1. Non-proliferative lesions, almost no increase in the risk of breast cancer, including:
(1) Fibrosis and / or simple cyst (sometimes referred to as fiber cystic or disease)
(2) Mild hyperplasia
(3) Breast gland disease (non-hardening)
(4) Leaf tumor (benign)
(5) a single papilloma
(6) Fat necrosis
(7) Milky dilatation
(8) Tube surrounding fibrosis
(9) Deformation of squamous and sweat gland
(10) Film calcification
(11) Other benign tumors (fat tunoma, misaligna, hemangioma, nerve fibroma, adenoma)
2. Non-visstability hyperplasia (cell abnormal) will increase the risk of breast cancer, including:
(1) Ordinary catheter hyperplasia (exoperant)
(2) fibroblast
(3) hardened gland disease
(4) Paste tumor (papillary tumor proliferation)
(5) radial scar
3. Typical proliferative lesions will increase the risk of breast cancer, including:
(1) Non-typical catheter hyperplasia (ADH)
(2) Non-typical leaflet hyperplasia (ALH)
12 years ago
Women who start menstrual cycle before the age of 12 will have more menstrual cycles than ordinary women, which will lead to slightly higher risks of breast cancer. Risk increases may be longer because of the effects of estrogen and progesterone in their life.
After 55, you will experience the menopause
Female menopause after 55 years old has more menstrual cycles, which will lead to slightly high breast cancer. The reason may be longer than the hormone of estrogen and progesterone in his life.
Chest radiation
Young women will significantly improve the risk of breast cancer due to the risk of receiving chest radioactive treatment because of cancer (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin's lymvioma), and the risk of risk varies by age. If you accept chest radiation in adolescence, the chance of breast cancer is also the highest, and radiotherapy after 40 years old does not seem to increase breast cancer.
Contact with hexhene female phenol (DES)
Women who have exposed these drugs are slightly high. Mother pregnancy, DES can also lead to the risk of children from breast cancer after adulthood.
