The etiology of lung cancer _ what is caused by lung cancer - how is lung cancer?

Risk factors can be divided into two types, such as smoking to avoid or changing risk factors such as genetic, age is inevitable or changed.

Risk factors that can avoid or change

Smoke

    Smoking is the main risk factor of lung cancer, about 80% of lung cancer deaths are considered to be caused by smoking. The risk of smokers suffering from lung cancer is more than 10 times higher than that of non-smokers. The longer the smoking time, the more smoking the smoked daily, the higher the risk. Other types of cigarettes such as cigars or low-coke cigarettes lead to the risk of lung cancer is not less than ordinary cigarettes, and the mint smoke is more harmful than ordinary cigarettes, and the mint can make smokers overhavened. Second-hand smoke also increases the risk of cancer.

Radon gas

    Helium is the second largest risk factor of lung, which is the main reason for non-smokers' lung cancer, but it is very strange to most people. Is a naturally occurring radioactive gas, which is from uranium in the soil and rock, countless taste, after being sucked in the respiratory tract, slowly accumulating a radio source, continuous radiation lungs. In the atmosphere, there is very little in the atmosphere, which will not lead to lung cancer, but in the room, due to the ratio of the radon weighs 7.5 times, it will be deposited indoors, especially the basement. Can also dissolve in the water, and the water is generally from the surface water, so there is very little content. Groundwater, such as water wells, hot springs and other spirits are higher, and the radon will be disseminated from the water from the water, so the open-air hot spring is better than the indoor hot spring.

working environment

    Asbestos often contains in building materials, asbestos itself is not harmful, but the asbestos fiber is very small, it will deposit in the lungs after inhalation, damage the lung tissue causes cancer, so workers working in the construction industry in the cotton mine, construction industry High risk factors. In addition, recognized carcinogenic industrial chemicals include:

Radioactive substances such as uranium, radium, etc.

Other chemicals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, silicon, vinyl chloride, nickel compound, chromium compound, coal product, mustard, and chlorofin, etc.

Diesel engine exhaust gas.

Vitamins

    Two large studies have found that smokers taking β-carotene supplements actually increase the risk of lung cancer.

Hazardous factors inevitable or changed

Lung radiotherapy history

    For patients with chest radiotherapy history of other cancers, there is a high risk of lung cancer, such as patients with radiation therapy.

Air pollution

    Air pollution (including PM2.5) is slightly increased lung cancer risk, which is why urban lung cancer is more than rural areas, but this risk is far less than the risk caused by smoking, the researcher estimates that there are about 5% of lung cancer in the world. It may be due to outdoor air pollution.

Family history (inherited).

    If there is a straight relatives suffering from lung cancer, especially when you are young, you will be sick, and the risk of cancer will increase.

Risk factors that are not clearly certified

Visible marijuana

    Since marijuana contains many carcinogens such as tar, it may increase the risk of lung cancer.

talcum powder

    Talc is a mineral, and its natural form may contain asbestos. All household products (such as baby, body, facial) have now been stipulated, have not been specified. Related news has a strong baby talcum powder incident.

Introduction of lung cancer

    Lung cancer refers to a malignant tumor originating from a bronchial mucosal epithelium or an alveolar epithelium, which is also known as primary bronchial lung cancer, and is the first cancer of the national cancer morbidity, accounting for 19.6% of all cancers, about 7.05 million per year. Death is 569,000. 

    Among them, the morbidity and mortality of male lung cancer account for all malignant tumors, the incidence of women accounts for the second place, and the mortality is second, the prognosis is poor, and the overall 5 years of survival is 17.4%.

    Common types: non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma, non-small cell pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma, small cell lung cancer.

    Targeted treatment: Targeted drugs of non-small cell lung cancer include Yisisha, Trinka, Afatib, Krrytib, Nawu, etc;

Among them, Trinko and Nawu combabble can be used to treat non-small cell lung squamous cell carcinoma;

Small cell lung cancer has no targeted drugs, but is alternative to chemotherapy.

    Pathogenic factors: Long-term smoking is the most important reason for lung cancer. The probability of smoking is approximately 10 times that of non-smoking.

Other risk factors also include helium, second-hand smoke, asbestos, atmospheric pollution and genes.

    High-risk group: age 50-75 years old, smoking ≥ 20 packs / year.

    Early screening: once a year, a low-dose spiral CT screening, can reduce the mortality of lung cancer, and only high-risk populations.

    Early symptoms: irritating dry cough, blood wire, chest tightness, fever and air promotion.

Japanese cancer experts suggest four inspections that have been accepted by people over 40 years old

     Japan-related research data said that there is a relationship between life and cancer morbidity, once people reach more than 40 years old, it has reached the high hair period of cancer, the longer the life, the higher the incidence of cancer.

    Therefore, Japanese cancer experts suggest that more than 40-year-old population should put the following four checks:

Lung cancer examination: chest X-ray, chest CT, home detection

    According to the latest data, there are 1 person died in lung cancer every 17 men, so the cancer mortality rate of men is the highest in lung cancer.

    Among the projects of Japanese lung cancer examinations, the most common chest X-ray examination and CT examination are relatively inexpensive, but there are also certain radiation, so Japanese doctors do not recommend that CT examination is accepted each year.

    In addition, Japan also has related home lung cancer tests. Every year's chest X-rays cannot meet the frequent examination of health, the residents will choose to buy home test kits.

Diagnosis of colorectal cancer: tuberculosis

    In Japanese cancer mortality, colorectal cancer is second, and the mortality of colorectal cancer accounts for the third and men of female diseases, so Japan's colorectal cancer census is also very necessary.

    In the inspection of colorectal cancer, the doctor first considers "tuberculous blood test", that is, extracts a portion of the feces, check whether there is a blood in the blood, and check if there is a possible colorectal cancer.

    If the rectum, the large intestine feels obvious and discomfort, and the people over the age of 40 also suggested colonoscopy.

Pancreatic cancer: abdominal echo check

    In male disease, pancreatic cancer is followed by lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, the 4th 4th cancer. Everyone knows that the progress of cancer is very fast until today, some people think that cancer is "terminal illness".

    The screening of pancreatic cancer is more complicated. At present, we will first consider "the abdominal echo check, not only to observe the pancreas, but also observe other organs such as liver, gallbladder, kidney, spleen, etc., generally packaged with the hospital medical examination project package.

Gastric cancer screening: gastroscope

    In recent years, whether Japanese or international situation, the mortality rate of gastric cancer has declined, but it is still one of the cancers with high diagnosis rate.

    The most effective way to inspect gastric cancer is the X-ray examination of gastroscopy and barium. The gastroscopy is more intuitive. It can clearly observe the change of gastric mucosa change and the size, morphology, etc. of the lesions, and in particular to the lesion site for biopsy. Therefore, Japanese doctors suggest that people over 40 years old can best accept 1 gastroscopy. However, people who have received gastroscopic examination clearly, the gastroscope is inserted from the nose and enters the stomach, so it brings strong discomfort to the human body.

    Compared with gastroscopy, I have an early summary of home detection kits specially developed for early gastric cancer, achieving painlessness, no need to go to hospital reservation, testing at any time, with the Japanese hospital pain detection benchmark, only need to take a few drops at home, sent to blood Detecting agencies, you can achieve early screening of gastric cancer without pain.

    Japanese medical care is also benefited from the method and treatment of early screening in the disease, the above article introduces the current common traditional early discovery, but Japan is constantly innovating in medical treatment, such as early disease. Screening, the convenience of home testing is achieved.

Why is Cancer, Cancer, Cancer?

    Cancer's English is Cancer, Cancer English is Cancer, is there any connection behind this?

    400 years ago, "Father of Medicine" Hippoot named Carcinos / Carcinoma in Greek, in Greek, Crab.

The reason behind this is that the projection of cancer's fingers can make people think of crabs, and cancer is like crabs.

    It is also explained that when the malignant tumor is as hard as the crab shell is touched from the outside, or the sensation of cancer cell pain is as painful by the crab.

    About 47 years ago, the ancient Roman philosopher Serus was translated by this Greek word as a Latino Cancer when writing an encyclopedia, which was used to name cancer.

    Then, this vocabulary is also widely used in English.

    What is your constellation?

    Recommended today

    CRAB [Kræb] n. Crab

    Tumour [tjuːmə (r)] n. [tumor] tumor; tumor

    Encyclopedia [ɪnˌsaɪkləpiːdiəə] n. Encyclopedia

What are the tests for cancer screening

     If you want to screen for cancer, you should first check for tumor-related markers. 

    Patients can take blood to check for commonly used clinical tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 199, carbohydrate antigen 125, carbohydrate antigen 153, and A Fetuin, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, etc., male patients can also check prostate specific antigen. 

    In addition to collecting blood for tumor markers, screening for cancer also requires CT and B-ultrasound examinations of the corresponding parts. For example, patients can have chest CT, head CT, liver CT, or B-ultrasound, neck thyroid B Ultrasound examination, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, female patients can also do breast ultrasound, as well as gynecological B ultrasound examination, etc., men also need to do prostate B ultrasound, CT, MRI.

Can cancer patients get the new crown vaccine?

    cancer patients are not recommended to inject the new crown vaccine. 

    The new crown vaccine is more suitable for healthy people and people between the ages of 18-59. 

    Patients with poor body resistance, malignant tumors, patients with more serious diseases of various systems, patients with acute attacks of chronic diseases, and patients with severe respiratory infections are not recommended to be vaccinated.

    Because everyone is likely to have adverse reactions after being vaccinated. If a patient with cancer is vaccinated, the disease may be aggravated, and adverse reactions may also increase.

Since exercise can produce dopamine, why do so many people dislike exercise?

    For people who exercise for a long time, it is just a habit in life, just like eating and sleeping.

    However, for people who have not yet formed a habit, how to start exercising and stick to it is a difficult problem.

How to get everyone to start exercising, like exercising and stick to it, is also a question that fitness coaches often think about.

    I usually get off work part-time as a personal trainer after work. On weekends, I also write assessments of popular follow-up videos (such as Pamela, Saturday Wild, Madfit, Chloe Ting, etc.). Whether white-collar workers or students, I find that I just started exercising.

    Of people have these problems:

    1. Sports are restricted by space and time;

    2. I don't know how to start exercising, how to get started;

    3. Exercise is unscientific, easy to be injured, and low weight loss efficiency;

    4. The exercise effect cannot be quantified;

    5. Repetitive exercises are of low interest, such as treadmills and elliptical machines.

    Through chatting with customers and various netizens, I found that if you want people to like exercise and stick to exercise, one is to improve the effect of exercise, and the other is to make exercise more fun.

    1. Improve exercise effect

    I take fat loss as an example. Many people know that more aerobic exercise is good for weight loss, but why do you feel that you are running/skipping rope/stepping on an elliptical machine every day, but the rate of weight and fat loss is still so slow?

    In fact, there are certain methods for aerobic exercise.

(1) One of the keys to aerobic exercise is the monitoring of heart rate during exercise.

Simply put, the reason why aerobic exercise is called aerobic exercise is because the energy supply method during exercise is carried out in the way of "aerobic metabolism".

    The process of aerobic metabolism is the process of a series of chemical reactions between fat and oxygen.

    Therefore, the intensity cannot be too high during exercise, resulting in the inability of oxygen to participate in aerobic energy supply, thereby reducing fat consumption.

    If the exercise intensity is too low, the effect will be too small, and the efficiency of fat loss will also decrease.

    Because it is very abstract.

    Therefore, people use their heart rate during exercise to quantify this process.

    The principle of aerobic exercise is that you must allow enough oxygen to participate in your body's metabolism while exercising, while at the same time ensuring the intensity of the exercise.

    To do this, you need to control your heart rate (HR). You need to control your target heart rate (Target Heart Rate) during exercise at 75%-85% MHR.

    Formula: 208-(0.7 x age) = MHR

    Assume that Wang Goudan is 25 years old and his target heart rate during aerobic conditions is between 144-161.9 bpm.

    When you exceed 85%, anaerobic metabolism is involved at this time, and the fat burning rate will decrease instead, so it is not that the harder you exercise (the higher the heart rate), the higher the fat burning rate.

    Experienced people can judge the fat loss zone by feeling, while most people can use a sports bracelet to detect the heart rate and observe the value displayed on the bracelet during exercise to adjust the intensity of the exercise.

How to prevention of cancer, do you know?

     The International Anti-Cancer Alliance believes that one-third of cancers can be prevented, one-third of cancers can be cured if diagnosed early, and one-third of cancers can alleviate pain and prolong life. Based on this, the concept of three-level prevention of malignant tumors is proposed:

    Primary prevention is to eliminate or reduce the factors that may cause cancer and prevent the occurrence of cancer. About 80% of cancers are related to the environment and living habits. Improving living habits, such as quitting smoking, restricting drinking, diversifying food, eating less pickled food, controlling weight, exercising appropriately, paying attention to environmental protection, identifying carcinogens and cancer-promoting agents in the environment, and strengthening occupational protection are all important prevention measures. Cancer measures. In recent years, both immunoprevention and chemoprevention belong to primary prevention, such as mass vaccination of hepatitis B vaccine, selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor for colorectal adenoma chemoprevention, etc.

    Secondary prevention refers to how once cancer occurs, how to detect it at an early stage and treat it in time. Including: 

①Awareness and attention to cancer danger signals (such as persistent dyspepsia, postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, long-term ulcers, etc.); 

②Regular inspections of high-risk areas and high-risk groups; 

③Detecting precancerous lesions Timely treatment; 

④Strengthen monitoring of susceptible people; 

⑤Tumor self-examination (regular self-examination of exposed parts of the body).

    Tertiary prevention is rehabilitation after treatment to prevent the deterioration of the condition, improve the quality of life, reduce pain and prolong life.

The treatment method of cancer

     There are many kinds of malignant tumors, with different types, different tissues and organs involved, different stages of disease, and different responses to various treatments. Therefore, most patients need comprehensive treatment. The so-called comprehensive treatment refers to the comprehensive use of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, traditional Chinese medicine treatment, interventional therapy, microwave therapy and other methods according to the patient's physical condition, tumor pathological type, and scope of invasion, in order to greatly improve the cure. Rate and improve the patient’s quality of life.

1. Surgical treatment

In theory, if the tumor cells are completely removed by surgery, the cancer can be cured. For early or earlier solid tumors, surgical resection is still the preferred treatment. According to the purpose of the operation, it can be divided into the following types:

    (1) Radical surgery Because the malignant tumor grows fast and there is no envelope on the surface, it has no obvious boundary with the surrounding normal tissues, and the local infiltration is obvious, and it can metastasize through the lymphatic vessels. Therefore, surgery must completely remove the tumor and its surrounding normal tissues and lymph nodes that may be invaded. This kind of surgery is suitable for patients with a limited tumor range, no distant metastasis, and good physique. According to the scope of resection, it is divided into tumor resection, extensive resection, radical resection and extended radical resection.

    (2) Palliative surgery has a wide range of tumors and has metastasized and cannot undergo radical surgery. In order to relieve pain, maintain nutrition and prolong life, you can only remove part of the tumor or perform some symptomatic surgery, such as fistula Surgery, short circuit of the digestive tract and other operations. Advanced tumors can be resectioned to reduce tumor burden and lay the foundation for future radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other treatments. For example, most ovarian tumors can be removed palliatively for advanced ovarian cancer, and a second operation after chemotherapy to remove residual lesions can significantly prolong the survival of patients.

    (3) Diagnostic surgery Obtain tumor pathological examination specimens through different surgical methods, such as puncture and extraction of small pieces of tissue during surgery. For deep visceral masses, open chest, open abdomen, or craniotomy is required. After the intraoperative pathological examination is confirmed, therapeutic surgery is performed immediately.

    (4) Preventive surgery is used for precancerous lesions to prevent them from becoming malignant or developing into advanced cancer. For example, patients with familial polyposis of the colon can benefit from preventive colon resection, because such patients will not have their colon removed. After the age of 40, about half can develop into colon cancer, and after the age of 70, almost 100% can develop into colon cancer. Cervical conization can be used for severe heterogeneous hyperplasia of the cervix to prevent cervical cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 have mutations in hereditary breast cancer family members, and bilateral breast prophylactic resection is feasible.

    (5) Surgery for metastases. For a single lung, liver, bone and other metastases, resection can still achieve a 5-year survival rate. For example, the primary lung cancer has only a single bone metastasis, and the primary lung cancer can be completely resected, the resection of the primary tumor plus the metastasis can be performed at the same time or successively.

    2. Chemotherapy

    It is to treat cancer with drugs that can kill cancer cells. Since the biggest difference between cancer cells and normal cells is rapid cell division and growth, the principle of action of anti-cancer drugs is usually to inhibit the growth of cancer cells by interfering with the mechanism of cell division, such as inhibiting DNA replication or preventing chromosome separation . 

    Most chemotherapeutic drugs are not specific, so they will kill the normal tissue cells that undergo cell division at the same time, so they often damage healthy tissues that need to divide to maintain normal functions, such as intestinal mucosal cells. 

    However, these tissues can usually repair themselves after chemotherapy. Because some drugs can be used in combination to obtain better results, chemotherapy often uses two or more drugs at the same time, which is called "comprehensive chemotherapy". 

    Most patients undergo chemotherapy in this way.

    3. Radiation therapy

    Also called radiotherapy and radiation therapy, it uses radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy can be via external radiation therapy or in vivo proximity radiation therapy. Since cancer cells grow and divide faster than normal cells, radiation damages the genetic material of the cells to prevent the cells from growing or dividing, thereby controlling the growth of cancer cells. However, the effect of radiotherapy can only be limited to the area that is irradiated. The goal of radiotherapy is to destroy all cancer cells as much as possible while minimizing the impact on neighboring healthy tissues. Although radiation exposure can cause damage to both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the damage caused by radiotherapy.

    4. Targeted therapy

    Targeted therapy has been effective in treating certain types of cancer since the late 1990s. It can treat cancer as effectively as chemotherapy, but its side effects are much reduced compared with chemotherapy. 

    It is also a very active research field at present. The principle of this treatment is to use small molecules with abnormal or disordered proteins that specifically fight cancer cells, such as tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, to treat non-small cell lung cancer with sensitive mutations of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) , The curative effect is significant, but the emergence of drug-resistant genes is currently the main obstacle hindering further improvement of curative effect.

    5. Immunotherapy

    Immunotherapy uses the body's immune mechanism to fight tumor cells. There are many immunotherapies to fight cancer in research. 

    At present, cancer vaccine therapy and monoclonal antibody therapy are more advanced, and immune cell therapy is the latest treatment technology developed in recent years.

    6. Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment

    Cooperating with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can alleviate the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, promote the recovery of patients, and enhance the tolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

    7. Gene therapy

    By introducing exogenous genes into the human body to correct gene defects, the concept of gene therapy for malignant tumors has been expanded from correcting gene defects to introducing exogenous genes into the human body, ultimately achieving direct or indirect inhibition or killing of tumor cells.

    8. Endocrine therapy

    The occurrence and growth of certain tumors are closely related to hormones in the body, so it can be treated by changing the endocrine status. For example, sex hormones can be used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometrial cancer.

    9. Hyperthermia treatment

    The microwave hyperthermia technology, ultrasound focusing and radio frequency technology developed in the past 10 years use local high temperature to cause the cancer cells to be heated and necrotic, and less damage to normal tissues, which is simple and safe.

    10. Laser treatment

    Utilizing the advantages of high power density, good parallelism, and accurate positioning of the laser, a bloodless resection can be performed on the lesion after moderate focusing.

    11. Cryotherapy

When freezing, ice crystals are formed inside and outside the cells, causing cancer cell damage. Can be used for body surface tumors or visceral tumors.